Connection between Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors
Breast and ovarian cancer share a significant link, primarily due to genetic factors, specifically mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. These genetic mutations elevate the risk of both cancers, particularly for individuals who carry them.
Studies reveal common underlying genetic risk factors for both types of cancer. Interestingly, those with these risk factors face an increased chance of developing both cancer types. Additional shared risk factors include advancing age, being overweight or obese, and never carrying a pregnancy to term. Some of these factors can potentially be managed or influenced, such as maintaining a moderate weight.
People who have been diagnosed with breast cancer may have an increased likelihood of developing ovarian cancer, especially if there is a BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutation involved. The increased risk is primarily due to the genetic factor rather than the disease itself. Research suggests that people with breast cancer are approximately twice as likely to develop subsequent ovarian cancer.
Conversely, people with ovarian cancer face an approximately 1.6-fold increased risk of developing subsequent breast cancer, but this risk fluctuates with the time since their first cancer diagnosis. Those with ovarian cancer also have an elevated risk of breast cancer, often due to genetic mutations.
Besides BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, other common shared risk factors for breast and ovarian cancer include a family history of either cancer, older age, overweight or obesity, having a first child over age 30, never having children, not breastfeeding, and hormone therapy after menopause.
Managing risk factors that are unchangeable, such as having a history of breast or ovarian cancer, may involve careful monitoring, lifestyle changes, and preventive medical procedures in some cases. Those with a history of either cancer can work with their healthcare team to implement more frequent and comprehensive screenings, including regular mammograms, breast MRI scans, pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasounds, and CA-125 blood tests. Genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant mutations serves as the best strategy for monitoring and prevention.
For those carrying genetic mutations, doctors may consider additional options such as prophylactic surgeries to remove organs or tissues and prevent the occurrence or spread of cancer.
Modifiable risk factors include maintaining a moderate weight, regular exercise, limiting alcohol intake, considering oral contraceptives, and discussing contraception options with a doctor based on individual circumstances.
A 2020 observational study suggests that people diagnosed with both primary breast and ovarian cancer have a relatively favorable outlook, with 5- and 10-year overall survival rates of around 90%. The outlook tends to be more positive when the interval between the two diagnoses is longer.
Individuals can consult their healthcare team to learn more about their personal outlook if they have concerns. Furthermore, it is essential to remain vigilant for signs of recurrence or a second cancer after a previous diagnosis of breast or ovarian cancer. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential for improving outcomes.
When signs or symptoms of breast or ovarian cancer appear, individuals should consult a doctor, especially if they have a personal or family history of these diseases.
People with ovarian cancer may also be at increased risk for bladder cancer, bile duct cancer, colorectal cancer, acute leukemia, and melanoma of the eye. Breast cancer can metastasize to the ovaries, although this is relatively uncommon.
People at high risk for ovarian cancer include those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, a family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer, Lynch syndrome, endometriosis, never being pregnant, a late first pregnancy, and age over 40 years.
In summary, an established link exists between breast and ovarian cancer, primarily due to shared genetic mutations, particularly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. People with these mutations face a significantly higher risk of developing both cancers. A history of breast or ovarian cancer also increases the risk of the other. genetic testing, regular screenings, and preventive measures are crucial for those at higher risk. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential for improving outcomes.
- Studies have identified common genetic risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing both breast and ovarian cancer, with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations being notable examples.
- People who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, particularly those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, may have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.
- Conversely, people with ovarian cancer also face an increased risk of developing breast cancer, often due to genetic mutations.
- Besides genetic mutations, other shared risk factors for breast and ovarian cancer include family history, older age, being overweight or obese, and certain medical conditions such as endometriosis.
- Individuals can take steps to manage modifiable risk factors, such as maintaining a moderate weight, exercising regularly, and discussing contraception options with a doctor based on personal circumstances.
- Genetic testing, regular screenings, and preventive measures are crucial for those at higher risk of breast or ovarian cancer, with regular mammograms, breast MRI scans, pelvic exams, and CA-125 blood tests being recommended for those with a history of either cancer.
