Identifying Kleptomania: Criteria Employed to Recognize the Disorder
In the early 19th century, the puzzling condition known as kleptomania was first identified. This impulse-control disorder, classified under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is characterized by a persistent inability to resist the urge to steal, even when the items are not needed for personal use or monetary value.
The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for kleptomania are quite specific. An individual with kleptomania experiences recurrent stealing impulses, accompanied by an increasing sense of tension before the act. The act of stealing, however, brings satisfaction and relief, a temporary respite from the emotional tension. It's important to note that this stealing is not driven by anger or revenge, and it's distinct from ordinary theft or shoplifting, which are usually intentional acts driven by the item's utility or value.
To meet the criteria for a kleptomania diagnosis, other psychiatric conditions causing stealing behavior must be ruled out. This includes conditions such as antisocial personality disorder, conduct disorders, and manic episodes in schizophrenia.
The social stigma associated with both mental illness and theft can lead to underreporting of symptoms. Guilt and fear of legal consequences often prevent individuals from disclosing their stealing behavior, making early diagnosis of kleptomania a challenge.
However, early diagnosis leads to better outcomes. Kleptomania is often associated with co-morbidities such as bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, substance use disorders, and other disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders.
Treatment for kleptomania involves a combination of cognitive-behavioural therapy, medication, support groups, and family therapy. Stress management, mindfulness practices, and strong social support can also help reduce urges in individuals with kleptomania.
Unfortunately, people with kleptomania are frequently treated as criminals rather than being referred for psychiatric assessment. This misunderstanding can exacerbate the individual's feelings of guilt and shame, making it even more difficult for them to seek help.
In criminal cases, individuals with kleptomania may be eligible for a legal defence based on their mental health condition, but this varies by jurisdiction. It's crucial that those suffering from kleptomania are given the opportunity to receive appropriate treatment, rather than facing criminal charges.
In conclusion, kleptomania diagnosis per DSM-5 requires recurrent stealing impulses without practical need or gain, an increasing tension before the act, relief or pleasure when stealing, and the exclusion of other psychiatric conditions causing stealing behavior. Understanding and addressing this condition is essential to improving the lives of those affected by it.
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