Link between Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Identified Risk Factors
Rewritten Article:
Breast and ovarian cancer share an intricate relationship, largely owing to genetic factors. Carrying mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increases this connection.
It's not just about the genetic connection, though. common risk factors also play a role, such as older age, overweight or obesity, and never carrying a pregnancy to term. Some of these risk factors can be managed, such as staying moderately fit.
Do breast and ovarian cancer influence each other's occurrence?
There's a solid link between a breast cancer history and a subsequent ovarian cancer diagnosis, especially for those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. However, this increased risk stems from shared genetic factors, not the disease itself.
Studies indicate people with breast cancer are around twice as likely to develop ovarian cancer later. Similar risks apply for those who've had ovarian cancer, though the likelihood varies based on time since their initial diagnosis.
The association doesn't stop there; ovarian cancer patients may also encounter a heightened risk of breast cancer, often linked to genetic mutations.
Other risk factors for breast and ovarian cancers
BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations represent the most significant shared risk factors. Around 40% of families with a history of ovarian and breast cancer carry BRCA1 gene mutations, while approximately 20% have BRCA2 mutations.
Other risk factors common to both cancers include:
- Family history of either cancer
- Older age, with an increased risk for ovarian cancer after 40 and breast cancer after 55
- Overweight or obesity
- Having a first child later in life
- Never having children
- Not breastfeeding
- Hormone therapy after menopause
Can people reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer?
Some risk factors, such as a past cancer diagnosis, are unavoidable. However, by managing these unchangeable factors and focusing on modifiable ones, people can potentially reduce their risk.
Those with a history of either breast or ovarian cancer should consider more frequent and thorough screenings to catch any new cancers early. This may involve regular mammograms, breast MRI scans, pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasounds, and CA-125 blood tests.
Genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant mutations can help identify strategies for monitoring and prevention. For those carrying genetic mutations, doctors may consider additional options such as prophylactic surgeries.
Modifiable risk factors
- Weight: Maintaining a moderate weight can help lower the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer. Obesity may lead to higher estrogen levels, a risk factor for breast cancer.
- Regular Exercise: Regular physical activity can lower breast cancer risk. Limited evidence suggests it may also benefit ovarian cancer prevention. Exercise can aid in maintaining a moderate weight and has direct anticancer effects.
- Alcohol: Limiting alcohol intake can help reduce the risk of breast cancer. The risk increases with alcohol consumption, so healthcare professionals may advise moderation.
- Oral Contraceptives: Oral contraceptives may protect against ovarian cancer. However, they may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. A doctor can help weigh the risks based on individual circumstances.
Outlook
A 2020 study suggests that people diagnosed with both primary breast cancer and primary ovarian cancer typically have a relatively favorable outlook, with 5- and 10-year overall survival rates of approximately 90%. The prognosis is generally better when the interval between the two diagnoses is longer. However, ovarian cancer following breast cancer often involves late-stage diagnosis, negatively impacting survival.
A variety of factors can influence a person's outlook. Additional information about an individual's prognosis may be discussed with healthcare providers.
When to speak with a doctor
People should consult a doctor if they notice signs or symptoms related to breast or ovarian cancer, particularly those with a personal or family history of these diseases. Remaining vigilant for signs of recurrence or a second cancer after previous diagnoses is crucial, as early detection and prompt treatment improve outcomes.
Cancer Resources
For more evidence-based information and resources on cancer, visit our dedicated hub.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Ovarian Cancer Risk: People with ovarian cancer may have an elevated risk for numerous cancers, including bladder, bile duct, colorectal, acute leukemia, and melanoma of the eye.
- Metastasis: Breast cancer can metastasize (spread) to the ovaries, although it's relatively uncommon. This typically occurs in advanced breast cancer cases, particularly in hormone receptor-positive cancers or those with BRCA mutations.
- At-Risk Individuals: People at heightened risk of ovarian cancer may have BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, a family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer, Lynch syndrome, endometriosis, never been pregnant, had a late first pregnancy, or are over 40 years old.
Summary
There's a strong connection between breast cancer and ovarian cancer, primarily driven by shared genetic mutations, particularly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. People carrying these mutations face a significantly increased risk of developing both cancers.
A personal or family history of either cancer also raises the risk of the other, emphasizing the importance of genetic testing, regular screenings, and preventive measures for higher-risk individuals.
Those with a past breast or ovarian cancer diagnosis can work closely with their healthcare team to monitor signs of a second cancer.
- The genetic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly increase the connection between breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
- A history of breast cancer increases the likelihood of a subsequent ovarian cancer diagnosis, especially for those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.
- Similarly, people with ovarian cancer may face a heightened risk of breast cancer, often linked to genetic mutations.
- Other common risk factors for both cancers include older age, overweight or obesity, never carrying a pregnancy to term, family history of either cancer, and hormone therapy after menopause.
- By managing modifiable risk factors like maintaining a moderate weight, regular exercise, limiting alcohol intake, and oral contraceptives, people may potentially reduce the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.
- People with a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer should consider more frequent and thorough screenings to catch any new cancers early.
